15 Appendix
15.1 Thermodynamic Data of Inorganic Substances at 298 K
| Substance: | \(\Delta_{\text{f}} H^{-\kern-6pt{\ominus}\kern-6pt-}\) \(\scriptstyle{\text{[kJ/mol]}}\) | \(\Delta_{\text{f}} G^{-\kern-6pt{\ominus}\kern-6pt-}\) \(\scriptstyle{\text{[kJ/mol]}}\) | \(S^{-\kern-6pt{\ominus}\kern-6pt-}\) \(\scriptstyle{\text{[J/(mol K)]}}\) | \(C_P\) \(\scriptstyle{\text{[J/(mol K)]}}\) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ag(g) | 284.9 | 246 | 173 | 20.8 |
| Ag(s) | 0 | 0 | 42.6 | 25.4 |
| Ag+(aq) | 105.8 | 77.1 | 73.5 | |
| AgCN(s) | 146 | 156.9 | 107.2 | 66.7 |
| Ag2CO3(s) | –505.8 | –436.8 | 167.4 | 112.3 |
| AgNO3(s) | –124.4 | –33.4 | 140.9 | 93.1 |
| Ag2O(s) | –31.1 | –11.2 | 121.3 | 65.9 |
| Ag2S(s) | –32.6 | –40.7 | 144 | 76.5 |
| AgBr(s) | –100.4 | –96.9 | 107.1 | 52.4 |
| AgCl(s) | –127.0 | –109.8 | 96.3 | 50.8 |
| AgF(s) | –204.6 | –187 | 84 | |
| AgI(s) | –61.8 | –66.2 | 115.5 | 56.8 |
| Al(g) | 330 | 289.4 | 164.6 | 21.4 |
| Al(s) | 0 | 0 | 28.3 | 24.2 |
| Al2O3(s) | –1675.7 | –1582.3 | 50.9 | 79.0 |
| AlF3(s) | –1510.4 | –1431.1 | 66.5 | 75.1 |
| AlI3(s) | –302.9 | 195.9 | ||
| AlBr3(s) | –527.2 | 180.2 | 100.6 | |
| AlCl3(s) | –704.5 | –628.11 | 112.3 | 91.1 |
| Al(OH)3(s) | –1277 | |||
| Al(OH)4-(aq) | –1490 | –1297 | 117 | |
| AlPO4(s) | –1733.8 | –1617.9 | 90.8 | 93.2 |
| Ar(g) | 0 | 154.9 | 20.8 | |
| B(s) | 0 | 0 | 5.9 | 11.1 |
| B(g) | 565 | 521.0 | 153.4 | 20.8 |
| BH(g) | 442.7 | 412.7 | 171.8 | 29.2 |
| BH3(g) | 89.2 | 93.3 | 188.2 | 36.0 |
| B2S3(s) | –240.6 | 100.0 | 111.7 | |
| Ba(g) | 180 | 146 | 170.2 | |
| Ba(s) | 0 | 0 | 62.5 | 28.1 |
| BaCO3(s) | –1213.0 | –1134.4 | 112.1 | 86.0 |
| BaH2(s) | –177 | –138.2 | 63.0 | |
| BaBr2(s) | –757.3 | –736.8 | 146.0 | |
| BaCl2(s) | –855 | –806.7 | 123.7 | 75.1 |
| BaF2(s) | –1207.1 | –1156.8 | 96.4 | 71.2 |
| BaI2(s) | –602.1 | –597 | 167.0 | |
| BaO(s) | –548.0 | –520.3 | 72.1 | 47.3 |
| BaSO4(s) | –1473.2 | –1362.2 | 132.2 | 101.8 |
| Be(g) | 324 | 286.6 | 136.3 | 20.8 |
| Be(s) | 0 | 0 | 9.5 | 13.4 |
| BeBr2(s) | –353.5 | 108 | 69.4 | |
| BeCl2(s) | –490.4 | –445.6 | 75.8 | 62.4 |
| BeF2(s) | –1026.8 | –979.4 | 53.4 | 51.8 |
| BeI2(s) | –192.5 | 121 | 71.1 | |
| BeO(s) | –609.4 | –580.1 | 13.8 | 25.6 |
| Be(OH)2(s) | –902.5 | –815.0 | 45.5 | 62.1 |
| BeSO4(s) | –1205.2 | –1093.8 | 77.9 | 85.7 |
| Bi(g) | 207.1 | 168.2 | 187 | 20.8 |
| Bi(s) | 0 | 0 | 56.7 | 25.5 |
| Bi2O3(s) | –573.9 | –493.7 | 151.5 | 113.5 |
| BiCl3(s) | –379.1 | –315.0 | 177.0 | 105.0 |
| Br–(aq) | –121.4 | –104.0 | 82.6 | |
| Br(g) | 111.9 | 82.4 | 175 | 20.8 |
| Br2(g) | 30.9 | 3.1 | 245.5 | 36.0 |
| Br2(l) | 0 | 0 | 152.2 | 75.7 |
| BrCl(g) | 14.6 | –1 | 240.1 | 35.0 |
| BrF(g) | –93.8 | –109.2 | 229 | 33.0 |
| BrF3(g) | –1136 | 1119.4 | 254.4 | 66.6 |
| C(g) | 716.7 | 671.3 | 158.1 | 0.8 |
| C(s,diamond) | 1.9 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 6.1 |
| C(s,graphite) | 0 | 0 | 5.7 | 8.5 |
| CBr4(g) | 83.9 | 67 | 358.1 | |
| CBr4(s) | 29.4 | 47.7 | 212.5 | |
| CCl2F2(g) | –477.4 | –439.4 | 300.8 | |
| CCl2O(g) | –219.1 | –204.9 | 283.5 | |
| CCl4(g) | –95.7 | –53.6 | 309.9 | |
| CCl4(l) | –128.2 | –62.6 | 216.2 | |
| CF4(g) | –933.6 | –888.3 | 261.6 | |
| CS2(g) | 116.7 | 67.1 | 237.8 | 45.4 |
| CS2(l) | 89 | 64.6 | 151.3 | 76.4 |
| CO(g) | –110.5 | –137.2 | 197.7 | 29.1 |
| CO2(g) | –393.5 | –394.4 | 213.8 | 37.1 |
| Ca(g) | 177.8 | 144 | 154.9 | 20.8 |
| Ca(s) | 0 | 0 | 41.6 | 25.9 |
| Ca(OH)2(s) | –985.2 | –897.5 | 83.4 | 87.5 |
| CaBr2(s) | –682.8 | –663.6 | 130 | |
| CaCl2(s) | –795.4 | –748.8 | 108.4 | 72.9 |
| CaCN(s) | –184.5 | |||
| CaCO3(s,arag.) | –1207.8 | –1128.2 | 88 | 82.3 |
| CaCO3(s,calc.) | –1207.6 | –1129.1 | 91.7 | 83.5 |
| CaF2(s) | –1228.0 | –1175.6 | 68.5 | 67.0 |
| CaH2(s) | –181.5 | –142.5 | 41.4 | 41.0 |
| CaI2(s) | –533.5 | –528.9 | 142 | |
| CaO(s) | –634.9 | –603.3 | 38.1 | 42.0 |
| CaSO4(s) | –1434.5 | –1322.0 | 106.5 | 99.7 |
| Cd(g) | 111.8 | 167.7 | 20.8 | |
| Cd(s) | 0 | 0 | 51.8 | 26.0 |
| CdBr2(s) | –316.2 | –296.3 | 137.2 | 76.7 |
| CdCl2(s) | –391.5 | –343.9 | 115.3 | 74.7 |
| CdCO3(s) | –750.6 | –669.4 | 92.5 | |
| CdF2(s) | –700.4 | –647.7 | 77.4 | |
| CdS(s) | –161.9 | –156.5 | 64.9 | |
| CdSO4(s) | –933.3 | –822.7 | 123.0 | 99.6 |
| Cl–(aq) | –167.1 | –131.2 | 56.6 | |
| Cl(g) | 121.3 | 105.3 | 165.2 | 21.8 |
| Cl2(g) | 0 | 0 | 223.1 | 33.9 |
| ClF(g) | –50.3 | –51.8 | 217.9 | 32.1 |
| ClF3(g) | –163.2 | –123.0 | 281.6 | 63.9 |
| ClO2(g) | 89.1 | 105 | 263.7 | 46.0 |
| Cl2O(g) | 80.3 | 97.9 | 266.2 | 45.4 |
| Co(g) | 424.7 | 380.3 | 179.5 | 23.0 |
| Co(s) | 0 | 0 | 30 | 24.8 |
| CoCl2(s) | –312.5 | –269.8 | 109.2 | 78.5 |
| Cr(g) | 396.6 | 351.8 | 174.5 | 20.8 |
| Cr(s) | 0 | 0 | 23.8 | 23.4 |
| Cr2O3(s) | –1139.7 | –1058.1 | 81.2 | 118.7 |
| CrCl2(s) | –395.4 | –356 | 115.3 | 71.2 |
| CrCl3(s) | –556.5 | –486.1 | 123 | 91.8 |
| CrO2(g) | –598 | |||
| CrO3(g) | –292.9 | 266.2 | 56.0 | |
| Cs(g) | 76.5 | 49.6 | 175.6 | 20.8 |
| Cs(s) | 0 | 0 | 85.2 | 32.2 |
| CsCl(s) | –443.0 | –414.5 | 101.2 | 52.5 |
| Cu(g) | 337.4 | 297.7 | 166.4 | 20.8 |
| Cu(s) | 0 | 0 | 33.2 | 24.2 |
| Cu2O(s) | –168.6 | –146.0 | 93.1 | 63.6 |
| CuO(s) | –157.3 | –129.7 | 42.6 | |
| Cu2S(s) | –79.5 | –86.2 | 120.9 | 76.3 |
| CuS(s) | –53.1 | –53.6 | 66.5 | 47.8 |
| CuSO4(s) | –771.4 | –662.2 | 109.2 | |
| CuBr(s) | –104.6 | –100.8 | 96.1 | 54.7 |
| CuBr2(s) | –141.8 | |||
| CuCl(s) | –137.2 | –119.9 | 86.2 | 48.5 |
| CuCl2(s) | –220.1 | –175.7 | 108.1 | 71.9 |
| CuCN(s) | 96.2 | 111.3 | 84.5 | |
| F–(aq) | –335.4 | –278.8 | –13.8 | | | |
| F(g) | 79.4 | 62.3 | 158.8 | 22.7 |
| F2(g) | 0 | 0 | 202.8 | 32.3 |
| F2O(g) | 24.5 | 41.8 | 247.5 | 43.3 |
| FO(g) | 109 | 105.3 | 216.4 | 32.0 |
| FB(g) | –122.2 | –149.8 | 200.5 | 58.6 |
| Fe(g) | 416.3 | 370.7 | 180.5 | 25.7 |
| Fe(s) | 0 | 0 | 27.3 | 25.1 |
| FeO(s) | –272.0 | –251.4 | 60.7 | |
| Fe2+(aq) | –89.1 | –78.9 | –137.7 | | | |
| Fe2O3(s) | –824.2 | –742.2 | 87.4 | 103.9 |
| Fe3+(aq) | –48.5 | –4.7 | –315.9 | | | |
| Fe3O4(s) | –1118.4 | –1015.4 | 146.4 | 143.4 |
| FeCO3(s) | –740.6 | –666.7 | 92.9 | 82.1 |
| FeS2(s) | –178.2 | –166.9 | 52.9 | 62.2 |
| FeCl2(s) | –341.8 | –302.3 | 118 | 75.7 |
| FeCl3(s) | –399.5 | –334.0 | 142.3 | 96.7 |
| FeBr2(s) | –249.8 | –238.1 | 140.6 | |
| FeBr3(s) | –268.2 | |||
| Fe3C(s) | 25.1 | 20.1 | 104.6 | 105.9 |
| H(g) | 218.0 | 203.3 | 114.7 | 20.8 |
| H+(aq) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| H2(g) | 0 | 0 | 130.7 | 28.8 |
| H2O(g) | –241.8 | –228.6 | 188.8 | 33.6 |
| H2O(l) | –285.8 | –237.1 | 70.0 | 75.3 |
| H2O2(g) | –136.3 | –105.6 | 232.7 | 43.1 |
| H2O2(l) | –187.8 | –120.4 | 109.6 | 89.1 |
| H2S(g) | –20.6 | –33.4 | 205.8 | 34.2 |
| H2Se(g) | 29.7 | 15.9 | 219 | 34.7 |
| H2SO4(aq) | –909.3 | –744.5 | 20.1 | |
| H2SO4(l) | –814.0 | –690.0 | 156.9 | 138.9 |
| H3PO4(l) | –1271.7 | –1123.6 | 150.8 | 145.0 |
| H3PO4(s) | –1284.4 | –1124.3 | 110.5 | 106.1 |
| HBr(aq) | –121.6 | –104.0 | 82.4 | |
| HBr(g) | –36.3 | –53.4 | 198.7 | 29.1 |
| HCl(aq) | –167.2 | –131.2 | 56.5 | |
| HCl(g) | –92.3 | –95.3 | 186.9 | 29.1 |
| HCN(g) | 135.1 | 124.7 | 201.8 | 35.9 |
| HCN(l) | 108.9 | 125 | 112.8 | 70.6 |
| HF(aq) | –332.6 | –278.8 | –13.8 | | | |
| HF(g) | –273.3 | –275.4 | 173.8 | |
| HI(aq) | –55.2 | –51.6 | 111.3 | |
| HI(g) | 26.5 | 1.7 | 206.6 | 29.2 |
| HNO2(g) | –79.5 | –46.0 | 254.1 | |
| HNO3(aq) | –207.4 | –111.3 | 146.4 | |
| HNO3(g) | –133.9 | –73.5 | 266.9 | 54.1 |
| HNO3(l) | –174.1 | –80.7 | 155.6 | 109.9 |
| He(g) | 0 | 0 | 126.2 | 20.8 |
| Hg(g) | 61.4 | 31.8 | 175 | |
| Hg(l) | 0 | 0 | 75.9 | 28.0 |
| Hg2(g) | 108.8 | 68.2 | 288.1 | |
| HgO(s) | –90.8 | –58.5 | 70.3 | 44.1 |
| HgS(s,red) | –58.2 | –50.6 | 82.4 | 48.4 |
| Hg2SO4(s) | –743.1 | –625.8 | 200.7 | 132.0 |
| HgSO4(s) | –707.5 | |||
| Hg2Cl2(s) | –265.4 | –210.7 | 191.6 | 191.6 |
| HgCl2(s) | –224.3 | –178.6 | 146.0 | 146.0 |
| Hg2Br2(s) | –206.9 | –181.1 | 218.0 | 218.0 |
| HgBr2(s) | –170.7 | –153.1 | 172.0 | 172.0 |
| Hg2I2(s) | –121.3 | –111 | 233.5 | 233.5 |
| HgI2(s) | –105.4 | –101.7 | 180.0 | 180.0 |
| I–(aq) | –56.8 | –51.6 | 106.5 | |
| I(g) | 106.8 | 70.2 | 180.8 | 20.8 |
| I2(g) | 62.4 | 19.3 | 260.7 | 36.9 |
| I2(s) | 0 | 0 | 116.1 | 54.4 |
| HIO3(s) | –230.1 | |||
| IBr(g) | 40.8 | 3.7 | 258.8 | 36.4 |
| ICl(g) | 17.8 | –5.5 | 247.6 | 35.6 |
| IF(g) | –95.7 | –118.5 | 236.2 | 33.4 |
| K(g) | 89.0 | 60.5 | 160.3 | 20.8 |
| K(s) | 0 | 0 | 64.7 | 29.6 |
| K2CO3(s) | –1151.0 | –1063.5 | 155.5 | 114.4 |
| K2O(s) | –361.5 | –322.1 | 94.1 | |
| K2O2(s) | –494.1 | –425.1 | 102.1 | |
| K2SO4(s) | –1437.8 | –1321.4 | 175.6 | 131.5 |
| KBr(s) | –393.8 | –380.7 | 95.9 | 52.3 |
| KCl(s) | –436.5 | –408.5 | 82.6 | 51.3 |
| KF(s) | –567.3 | –537.8 | 66.6 | 49.0 |
| KI(s) | –327.9 | –324.9 | 106.3 | 52.9 |
| KClO3(s) | –397.7 | –296.3 | 143.1 | 100.3 |
| KMnO4(s) | –837.2 | –737.6 | 171.7 | 117.6 |
| KNO2(s) | –369.8 | –306.6 | 152.1 | 107.4 |
| KNO3(s) | –494.6 | –394.9 | 133.1 | 96.4 |
| KSCN(s) | –200.2 | –178.3 | 124.3 | 88.5 |
| Kr(g) | 0 | 0 | 164.1 | 20.8 |
| Li(g) | 159.3 | 126.6 | 138.8 | 20.8 |
| Li(s) | 0 | 0 | 29.1 | 24.9 |
| Li+(aq) | –278.5 | –293.3 | 12.4 | |
| Li2O(s) | –597.9 | –561.2 | 37.6 | 54.1 |
| LiOH(s) | –487.5 | –441.5 | 42.8 | 49.6 |
| LiNO3(s) | –483.1 | –381.1 | 90.0 | |
| LiBr(s) | –351.2 | –342 | 74.3 | |
| LiCl(s) | –408.6 | –384.4 | 59.3 | 48.0 |
| LiF(s) | –616 | –587.7 | 35.7 | 41.6 |
| LiI(s) | –270.4 | –270.3 | 86.8 | 51.0 |
| Mg(g) | 147.1 | 112.5 | 148.6 | 20.8 |
| Mg(s) | 0 | 0 | 32.7 | 24.9 |
| MgO(s) | –601.6 | –569.3 | 27.0 | 37.2 |
| Mg(OH)2(s) | –924.5 | –833.5 | 63.2 | 77.0 |
| MgS(s) | –346.0 | –341.8 | 50.3 | 45.6 |
| MgSO4(s) | –1284.9 | –1170.6 | 91.6 | 96.5 |
| MgBr2(s) | –524.3 | –503.8 | 117.2 | |
| MgCl2(s) | –641.3 | –591.8 | 89.6 | 71.4 |
| MgF2(s) | –1124.2 | –1071.1 | 57.2 | 61.6 |
| Mn(g) | 280.7 | 238.5 | 173.7 | 20.8 |
| Mn(s) | 0 | 0 | 32 | 26.3 |
| MnO(s) | –385.2 | –362.9 | 59.7 | 45.4 |
| MnO2(s) | –520.0 | –465.1 | 53.1 | 54.1 |
| MnO4–(aq) | –541.4 | –447.2 | 191.2 | |
| MnBr2(s) | –384.9 | |||
| MnCl2(s) | –481.3 | –440.5 | 118.2 | 72.9 |
| Mo(g) | 658.1 | 612.5 | 182 | 20.8 |
| Mo(s) | 0 | 0 | 28.7 | 24.1 |
| MoO2(s) | –588.9 | –533.0 | 46.3 | 56.0 |
| MoO3(s) | –745.1 | –668.0 | 77.7 | 75.0 |
| MoS2(s) | –235.1 | –225.9 | 62.6 | 63.6 |
| MoS3(s) | –364 | –354 | 119 | |
| N(g) | 472.7 | 455.5 | 153.3 | 20.8 |
| N2(g) | 0 | 0 | 191.6 | 29.1 |
| NF3(g) | –132.1 | –90.6 | 260.8 | 53.4 |
| NH3(g) | –45.9 | –16.4 | 192.8 | 35.1 |
| NH4+(aq) | –133.3 | –79.3 | 111.2 | |
| NH4Cl(s) | –314.4 | –202.9 | 94.6 | 84.1 |
| NH4NO3(s) | –365.6 | –183.9 | 151.1 | 139.3 |
| NH4OH(l) | –361.2 | –254.0 | 165.6 | 154.9 |
| (NH4)2SO4(s) | –1180.9 | –901.7 | 220.1 | 187.5 |
| N2H4(g) | 95.4 | 159.4 | 238.5 | |
| N2H4(l) | 50.6 | 149.3 | 121.2 | |
| NO2(g) | 33.2 | 51.3 | 240.1 | 37.2 |
| N2O(g) | 81.6 | 103.7 | 220 | 38.6 |
| NO(g) | 91.3 | 87.6 | 210.8 | |
| N2O4(g) | 11.1 | 99.8 | 304.4 | 79.2 |
| N2O4(l) | –19.5 | 97.5 | 209.2 | 142.7 |
| Na(g) | 107.5 | 77 | 153.7 | 20.8 |
| Na(s) | 0 | 0 | 51.3 | 28.2 |
| Na+(aq) | –240.2 | –261.9 | 58.5 | |
| Na2CO3(s) | –1130.7 | –1044.4 | 135 | 112.3 |
| Na2O(s) | –414.2 | –375.5 | 75.1 | 69.1 |
| Na2O2(s) | –510.9 | –447.7 | 95 | 89.2 |
| Na2SO4(s) | –1387.1 | –1270.2 | 149.6 | 128.2 |
| NaBr(aq) | –361.7 | –365.8 | 141.4 | |
| NaBr(g) | –143.1 | –177.1 | 241.2 | 36.3 |
| NaBr(s) | –361.1 | –349.0 | 86.8 | 51.4 |
| NaCl(aq) | –407.3 | –393.1 | 115.5 | |
| NaCl(s) | –411.2 | –384.1 | 72.1 | 50.5 |
| NaCN(s) | –87.5 | –76.4 | 115.6 | 70.4 |
| NaF(aq) | –572.8 | –540.7 | 45.2 | |
| NaF(s) | –576.6 | –546.3 | 51.1 | 46.9 |
| NaN3(s) | 21.7 | 93.8 | 96.9 | 76.6 |
| NaNO3(aq) | –447.5 | –373.2 | 205.4 | |
| NaNO3(s) | –467.9 | –367.0 | 116.5 | 92.9 |
| NaO2(s) | –260.2 | –218.4 | 115.9 | 72.1 |
| NaOH(s) | –425.8 | –379.7 | 64.4 | 59.5 |
| NaH(s) | –56.3 | –33.6 | 40 | 36.4 |
| Ne(g) | 0 | 0 | 146.3 | 20.8 |
| Ni(g) | 429.7 | 384.5 | 182.2 | 23.4 |
| Ni(s) | 0 | 0 | 29.9 | 26.1 |
| Ni2O3(s) | –489.5 | |||
| Ni(OH)2(s) | –529.7 | –447.2 | 88 | |
| NiBr2(s) | –212.1 | |||
| NiCl2(s) | –305.3 | –259.0 | 97.7 | 71.7 |
| NiF2(s) | –651.4 | –604.1 | 73.6 | 64.1 |
| O(g) | 249.2 | 231.7 | 161.1 | 21.9 |
| O2(g) | 0 | 0 | 205.2 | 29.4 |
| O3(g) | 142.7 | 163.2 | 238.9 | 39.2 |
| OH–(aq) | –230.0 | –157.2 | –10.9 | | | |
| Os(g) | 791 | 745 | 192.6 | 20.8 |
| Os(s) | 0 | 0 | 32.6 | 24.7 |
| OsO4(g) | –337.2 | –292.8 | 293.8 | 74.1 |
| OsO4(s) | –394.1 | –304.9 | 143.9 | |
| P(g,white) | 316.5 | 280.1 | 163.2 | 20.8 |
| P(s,black) | –39.3 | |||
| P(s,red) | –17.6 | –12.5 | 22.8 | 21.2 |
| P(s,white) | 0 | 0 | 41.1 | 23.8 |
| P2(g) | 144.0 | 103.5 | 218.1 | |
| P4(g) | 58.9 | 24.4 | 280.0 | |
| PCl3(g) | –287.0 | –267.8 | 311.8 | 71.8 |
| PCl3(l) | –319.7 | –272.3 | 217.1 | |
| PCl5(g) | –374.9 | –305.0 | 364.6 | 112.8 |
| PH3(g) | 5.4 | 13.5 | 210.2 | 37.1 |
| POCl3(g) | –558.5 | –512.9 | 325.5 | |
| POCl3(l) | –597.1 | –520.8 | 222.5 | |
| Pb(g) | 195.2 | 162.2 | 175.4 | 20.8 |
| Pb(s) | 0 | 0 | 64.8 | 26.8 |
| PbCl2(s) | –359.4 | –314.1 | 136 | |
| PbCO3(s) | –699.1 | –625.5 | 131 | 87.4 |
| PbO(s,litharge) | –219.0 | –188.9 | 66.5 | 45.8 |
| PbO(s,massic.) | –217.3 | –187.9 | 68.7 | 45.8 |
| PbO2(s) | –277.4 | –217.3 | 68.6 | 64.6 |
| Pb(NO3)2(aq) | –416.3 | –246.9 | 303.3 | |
| Pb(NO3)2(s) | –451.9 | |||
| PbS(s) | –100.4 | –98.7 | 91.2 | 49.5 |
| PbSO4(s) | –920.0 | –813.0 | 148.5 | 103.2 |
| Rb(g) | 80.9 | 53.1 | 170.1 | 20.8 |
| Rb(s) | 0 | 0 | 76.8 | 31.1 |
| RbCl(s) | –435.4 | –407.8 | 95.9 | 52.4 |
| S(g,rhombic) | 277.2 | 236.7 | 167.8 | 23.7 |
| S(s,rhombic) | 0 | 0 | 32.1 | 22.6 |
| SO2(g) | –296.8 | –300.1 | 248.2 | 39.9 |
| SO3(g) | –395.7 | –371.1 | 256.8 | 50.7 |
| SO42–(aq) | –909.3 | –744.5 | 18.5 | |
| SOCl2(g) | –212.5 | –198.3 | 309.8 | |
| Se(g,gray) | 227.1 | 187 | 176.7 | |
| Se(s,gray) | 0 | 0 | 42.4 | 25.4 |
| Si(g) | 450 | 405.5 | 168.0 | 22.3 |
| Si(s) | 0 | 0 | 18.8 | 20.0 |
| SiC(s,cubic) | –65.3 | –62.8 | 16.6 | 26.9 |
| SiC(s,hexag.) | –62.8 | –60.2 | 16.5 | 26.7 |
| SiCl4(g) | –657.0 | –617.0 | 330.7 | |
| SiCl4(l) | –687.0 | –619.8 | 239.7 | |
| SiH4(g) | 34.3 | 56.9 | 204.6 | 42.8 |
| Sn(g,white) | 301 | 266.2 | 168.5 | 21.3 |
| Sn(s,gray) | –2.1 | 0.1 | 44.1 | 25.8 |
| Sn(s,white) | 0 | 0 | 51.2 | 27.0 |
| SnCl4(g) | –471.5 | –432.2 | 365.8 | 98.3 |
| SnCl4(l) | –511.3 | –440.1 | 258.6 | 165.3 |
| SnO2(s) | –557.6 | –515.8 | 49 | 52.6 |
| Ti(g) | 473 | 428.4 | 180.3 | 24.4 |
| Ti(s) | 0 | 0 | 30.7 | 25.1 |
| TiCl2(s) | –513.8 | –464.4 | 87.4 | 69.8 |
| TiCl3(s) | –720.9 | –653.5 | 139.7 | 97.2 |
| TiCl4(g) | –763 | –726.3 | 353 | 95.4 |
| TiCl4(l) | –804.2 | –737.2 | 252.3 | 145.2 |
| TiO2(s) | –944.0 | –888.8 | 50.6 | 55.0 |
| U(g) | 533 | 488.4 | 199.8 | 23.7 |
| U(s) | 0 | 0 | 50.2 | 27.7 |
| UF4(g) | –1598.7 | –1572.7 | 368 | 91.2 |
| UF4(s) | –1914.2 | –1823.3 | 151.7 | 116.0 |
| UF6(g) | –2147.4 | –2063.7 | 377.9 | 129.6 |
| UF6(s) | –2197.0 | –2068.5 | 227.6 | 166.8 |
| UO2(g) | –465.7 | –471.5 | 274.6 | 51.4 |
| UO2(s) | –1085.0 | –1031.8 | 77.0 | 63.6 |
| V(g) | 514.2 | 754.4 | 182.3 | 26.0 |
| V(s) | 0 | 0 | 28.9 | 24.9 |
| V2O5(s) | –1550.6 | –1419.5 | 131.0 | 127.7 |
| VCl3(s) | –580.7 | –511.2 | 131.0 | 93.2 |
| VCl4(g) | –525.5 | –492.0 | 362.4 | 96.2 |
| VCl4(l) | –569.4 | –503.7 | 255.0 | |
| Xe(g) | 0 | 0 | 169.7 | 20.8 |
| Zn(g) | 130.4 | 94.8 | 161.0 | 20.8 |
| Zn(s) | 0 | 0 | 41.6 | 25.4 |
| ZnBr2(s) | –328.7 | –312.1 | 138.5 | |
| ZnCl2(s) | –415.1 | –369.4 | 111.5 | 71.3 |
| ZnF2(s) | –764.4 | –713.3 | 73.7 | 65.7 |
| ZnI2(s) | –208.0 | –209.0 | 161.1 | |
| Zn(NO3)2(s) | –483.7 | |||
| ZnS(s,sphaler.) | –206.0 | –201.3 | 57.7 | 46.0 |
| ZnSO4(s) | –982.8 | –871.5 | 110.5 | 99.2 |
| Zr(g) | 608.8 | 566.5 | 181.4 | 26.7 |
| Zr(s) | 0 | 0 | 39 | 25.4 |
| ZrCl2(s) | –502.0 | –386 | 110 | |
| ZrCl4(s) | –980.5 | –889.9 | 181.6 | 119.8 |
15.2 Thermodynamic Data of Organic Substances at 298 K
| Formula: | Name: | \(\Delta_{\text{f}} H^{-\kern-6pt{\ominus}\kern-6pt-}\) \(\scriptstyle{\text{[kJ/mol]}}\) | \(\Delta_{\text{f}} G^{-\kern-6pt{\ominus}\kern-6pt-}\) \(\scriptstyle{\text{[kJ/mol]}}\) | \(S^{-\kern-6pt{\ominus}\kern-6pt-}\) \(\scriptstyle{\text{[J/(mol K)]}}\) | \(C_P\) \(\scriptstyle{\text{[J/(mol K)]}}\) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHBr3 | Bromoform(g) | 25 | 16 | 331 | 71 |
| CHCl3 | Chloroform(l) | –134.1 | –73.7 | 201.7 | 114.2 |
| CHCl3 | Chloroform(g) | –102.7 | 6.0 | 295.7 | 65.7 |
| CH2O2 | Formic acid(l) | –425 | –361.4 | 129 | 99 |
| CH2O2 | Formic acid(g) | –378.7 | |||
| CH3 | Methyl(g) | 145.7 | 47.9 | 194.2 | 38.7 |
| CH3Br | Bromomethane(l) | –59.8 | |||
| CH3Br | Bromomethane(g) | –35.4 | –26.3 | 246.4 | 42.4 |
| CH3Cl | Chloromethane(g) | –81.9 | –63 | 234.6 | 40.8 |
| CH3F | Fluormethane(g) | –234 | –210 | 222.9 | 37.5 |
| CH3I | Iodomethane(l) | –13.6 | 136.2 | 126 | |
| CH3I | Iodomethane(g) | 14.4 | 16 | 254.1 | 44.1 |
| CH3NO2 | Nitromethane(l) | –112.6 | –14.4 | 171.8 | 106.6 |
| CH3NO2 | Nitromethane(g) | –80.8 | –7 | 282.9 | 55.5 |
| CH4 | Methane(g) | –74.6 | –50.5 | 186.3 | 35.7 |
| CH4O | Methanol(l) | –239.2 | –166.6 | 126.8 | 81.1 |
| CH4O | Methanol(g) | –201 | –162.3 | 239.9 | 44.1 |
| CH5N | Methylamine(l) | –47.3 | 35.7 | 150.2 | 102.1 |
| CH5N | Methylamine(g) | –22.5 | 32.7 | 242.9 | 50.1 |
| C2H2 | Ethyne (acetylene)(g) | 226.9 | 209 | 201 | 44 |
| C2H4 | Ethene(g) | 52.5 | 68.4 | 219.3 | 42.9 |
| C2H4O2 | Acetic acid(l) | –484.3 | –389.9 | 159.8 | 123.3 |
| C2H4O2 | Acetic acid(g) | –432.2 | –374.2 | 283.5 | 63.4 |
| C2H5Br | Bromoethane(l) | –90.5 | –25.8 | 198.7 | 100.8 |
| C2H5Br | Bromoethane(g) | –61.9 | –23.9 | 286.7 | 64.5 |
| C2H5Cl | Chloroethane(l) | –136.8 | –59.3 | 190.8 | 104.3 |
| C2H5Cl | Chloroethane(g) | –112.1 | –60.4 | 276 | 62.8 |
| C2H5NO2 | Nitroethane(l) | –143.9 | 134.4 | ||
| C2H5NO2 | Nitroethane(g) | –103.8 | –5 | 320.5 | 79 |
| C2H6 | Ethane(g) | –84 | –32 | 229.2 | 52.5 |
| C2H6O | Ethanol(l) | –277.6 | –174.8 | 160.7 | 112.3 |
| C2H6O | Ethanol(g) | –234.8 | –167.9 | 281.6 | 65.6 |
| C2H6O | Methoxymethane(l) | –203,3 | |||
| C2H6O | Methoxymethane(g) | –184.1 | –112.6 | 266.4 | |
| C2H7N | Ethylamine(l) | –74.1 | 130 | ||
| C2H7N | Ethylamine(g) | –47.5 | 36.3 | 283.8 | 71.5 |
| C3H4 | Cyclopropene(g) | 277.1 | 286 | 244 | 53 |
| C3H4 | Propyne(g) | 185 | 194 | 248 | 61 |
| C3H6 | Cyclopropane(l) | 35.2 | |||
| C3H6 | Cyclopropane(g) | 53.3 | 104.5 | 237.5 | 55.6 |
| C3H6 | Propene(g) | 20 | 62 | 267 | 64 |
| C3H6O | Acetone(l) | –248.4 | 199.8 | 126.3 | |
| C3H6O | Acetone(g) | –217.1 | –152.7 | 295.3 | 74.5 |
| C3H6O2 | Propanoic acid(l) | –510.7 | 191 | 152.8 | |
| C3H6O2 | Propanoic acid(g) | –455.7 | |||
| C3H8 | Propane(l) | –120.9 | |||
| C3H8 | Propane(g) | –103.8 | –23.4 | 270.3 | 73.6 |
| C3H8O | 1-Propanol(l) | –302.6 | 193.6 | 143.9 | |
| C3H8O | 1-Propanol(g) | –255.1 | 322.6 | 85.6 | |
| C3H8O | 2-Propanol(l) | –318.1 | 181.1 | 156.5 | |
| C3H8O | 2-Propanol(g) | –272.6 | 309.2 | 89.3 | |
| C3H9N | 1-Propanamine(g) | –72 | 40 | 324 | |
| C4H6 | 1-Butyne(l) | 141.4 | |||
| C4H6 | 1-Butyne(g) | 165.2 | 202 | 291 | 81 |
| C4H6 | 2-Butyne(l) | 119.1 | |||
| C4H6 | 2-Butyne(g) | 145.7 | 185 | 283 | 78 |
| C4H6 | Cyclobutene(g) | 156.7 | 175 | 64 | 64 |
| C4H8 | 2-Methyl–1-propene(g) | –17 | 58 | 294 | 89 |
| C4H8 | 1-Butene(l) | –20.8 | 227 | 118 | |
| C4H8 | 1-Butene(g) | 0.1 | 71 | 306 | 86 |
| C4H8 | Cyclobutane(l) | 3.7 | |||
| C4H8 | Cyclobutane(g) | 27.7 | 110 | 265 | |
| C4H8O2 | Butanoic acid(l) | –533.8 | 222.2 | 178.6 | |
| C4H8O2 | Butanoic acid(g) | –475.9 | |||
| C4H10 | 2-Methylpropane(g) | –135 | –21 | 295 | 97 |
| C4H10 | Butane(l) | –147.3 | 140.9 | ||
| C4H10 | Butane(g) | –125.7 | –17 | 310 | 98 |
| C4H10O | 1-Butanol(l) | –327.3 | 225.8 | 177.2 | |
| C4H10O | 1-Butanol(g) | –274.9 | |||
| C4H10O | 2-Butanol(l) | –342.6 | 214.9 | 196.9 | |
| C4H10O | 2-Butanol(g) | –292.8 | 359.5 | 112.7 | |
| C5H8 | 1-Pentyne(g) | 144 | 210 | 330 | 105 |
| C5H8 | 2-Pentyne(g) | 129 | 194 | 332 | 99 |
| C5H8 | Cyclopentene(l) | 4.3 | 201.2 | 122.4 | |
| C5H8 | Cyclopentene(g) | 34 | 111 | 290 | 75 |
| C5H10 | 1-Pentene(l) | –46.9 | 262.6 | 154 | |
| C5H10 | 1-Pentene(g) | –21.1 | 79 | 346 | 110 |
| C5H10 | 2-Methyl–1-butene(g) | –35.2 | 66 | 340 | 112 |
| C5H10 | 2-Methyl–1-butene(l) | –61.1 | 254 | 157.2 | |
| C5H10 | Cyclopentane(l) | –105.1 | 204.5 | 128.8 | |
| C5H10 | Cyclopentane(g) | –76.4 | 39 | 293 | 83 |
| C5H10O2 | Pentanoic acid(l) | –559.4 | 259.8 | 210.3 | |
| C5H10O2 | Pentanoic acid(g) | –491.9 | |||
| C5H12 | 2,2-Dimethylpropane(g) | –166 | –15 | 306 | 122 |
| C5H12 | 2-Methylbutane(g) | –155 | –15 | 344 | 119 |
| C5H12 | Pentane(l) | –173.5 | 167.2 | ||
| C5H12 | Pentane(g) | –146.9 | –8 | 349 | 120 |
| C5H12O | 1-Pentanol(l) | –351.6 | 208.1 | ||
| C5H12O | 1-Pentanol(g) | –294.6 | |||
| C5H12O | 2-Pentanol(l) | –365.2 | |||
| C5H12O | 2-Pentanol(g) | –311 | |||
| C5H12O | 3-Pentanol(l) | –368.9 | 239.7 | ||
| C5H12O | 3-Pentanol(g) | –314.9 | |||
| C5H12O | Methyl tert-butyl ether(l) | –313.6 | 265.3 | 187.5 | |
| C5H12O | Methyl tert-butyl ether(g) | –283.7 | |||
| C6H6 | Benzene(l) | 49.1 | 124.5 | 173.4 | 136 |
| C6H6 | Benzene(g) | 82.9 | 129.7 | 269.2 | 82.4 |
| C6H7N | Aniline(l) | 191.9 | |||
| C6H7N | Aniline(g) | 87.5 | –7 | 317.9 | 107.9 |
| C6H10 | 1-Hexyne(g) | 124 | 219 | 369 | 128 |
| C6H10 | Cyclohexene(l) | –28.5 | 214.6 | 148.3 | |
| C6H10 | Cyclohexene(g) | –5 | 107 | 311 | 105 |
| C6H12 | 1-Hexene(l) | –74.2 | 295.2 | 183.3 | |
| C6H12 | 1-Hexene(g) | –43.5 | 87 | 385 | 132 |
| C6H12 | 2-Methyl–1-pentene(g) | –59.4 | |||
| C6H12 | 2-Methyl–1-pentene(l) | –90 | |||
| C6H12 | Cyclohexane(l) | –156.4 | 154.9 | ||
| C6H12 | Cyclohexane(g) | –123.4 | 32 | 298 | 106 |
| C6H12 | Methylcyclopentane(g) | –106.2 | |||
| C6H12 | Methylcyclopentane(l) | –137.9 | |||
| C6H12O2 | Hexanoic acid(l) | –583.8 | |||
| C6H12O2 | Hexanoic acid(g) | –511.9 | |||
| C6H14 | 2,2-Dimethylbutane(g) | –185.9 | –10 | 358 | 142 |
| C6H14 | 2,2-Dimethylbutane(l) | –213.8 | 272.5 | 191.9 | |
| C6H14 | 2-Methylpentane(g) | –174.6 | –5 | 381 | 144 |
| C6H14 | 2-Methylpentane(l) | –204.6 | 290.6 | 193.7 | |
| C6H14 | 3-Methylpentane(g) | –171.9 | –2 | 380 | 143 |
| C6H14 | 3-Methylpentane(l) | –202.4 | 292.5 | 190.7 | |
| C6H14 | Hexane(l) | –198.7 | 195.6 | ||
| C6H14 | Hexane(g) | –166.9 | –0.3 | 388 | 143 |
| C6H14O | 1-Hexanol(l) | –377.5 | 287.4 | 240.4 | |
| C6H14O | 1-Hexanol(g) | 315.9 | |||
| C6H14O | 2-Hexanol(l) | –392 | |||
| C6H14O | 2-Hexanol(g) | –333.5 | |||
| C7H6O | Phenol(s) | –165.1 | 144 | 127.4 | |
| C7H6O | Phenol(g) | –96.4 | –33 | 316 | 104 |
| C7H8 | Methylbenzene(l) | 12.0 | 220 | 156 | |
| C7H8 | Methylbenzene(g) | 50.0 | 122 | 321 | 104 |
| C7H14 | 1-Heptene(l) | –97.9 | 327.6 | 211.8 | |
| C7H14 | 1-Heptene(g) | –62.3 | 96 | 424 | 15 |
| C7H14 | Cycloheptane(l) | –156.6 | |||
| C7H14 | Cycloheptane(g) | –118.1 | |||
| C7H14 | Ethylcyclopentane(l) | –163.4 | 279.9 | ||
| C7H14 | Ethylcyclopentane(g) | –126.9 | |||
| C7H14 | Methylcyclohexane(g) | –154.7 | |||
| C7H14 | Methylcyclohexane(l) | –190.1 | 184.8 | ||
| C7H14O2 | Heptanoic acid(l) | –610.2 | 265.4 | ||
| C7H14O2 | Heptanoic acid(g) | –536.2 | |||
| C7H16 | 2,2-Dimethylpentane(g) | –205.7 | |||
| C7H16 | 2,2-Dimethylpentane(l) | –238.3 | 300.3 | 221.1 | |
| C7H16 | 2-Methylhexane(g) | –194.5 | |||
| C7H16 | 2-Methylhexane(l) | –229.5 | 323.3 | 222.9 | |
| C7H16 | 3-Methylhexane(g) | –191.3 | |||
| C7H16 | 3-Methylhexane(l) | –226.4 | |||
| C7H16 | Heptane(l) | –224.2 | 224.7 | ||
| C7H16 | Heptane(g) | –187.6 | 8 | 428 | 166 |
| C7H16O | 1-Heptanol(l) | –403.3 | 272.1 | ||
| C7H16O | 1-Heptanol(g) | –336.5 | |||
| C8H10 | Ethylbenzene(l) | –12.3 | 183.2 | ||
| C8H10 | Ethylbenzene(g) | 29.9 | 131 | 361 | 128 |
| C8H16 | 1-Octene(l) | –124.5 | 241 | ||
| C8H16 | 1-Octene(g) | –81.3 | 104 | 463 | 178 |
| C8H16 | Cyclooctane(l) | –167.7 | |||
| C8H16 | Cyclooctane(g) | –124.4 | |||
| C8H16 | Ethylcyclohexane(l) | –212.1 | 280.9 | 211.8 | |
| C8H16 | Ethylcyclohexane(g) | –171.5 | |||
| C8H16O2 | Octanoic acid(l) | –636 | 297.9 | ||
| C8H16O2 | Octanoic acid(g) | –554.3 | |||
| C8H18 | 2-Methylheptane(g) | –215.3 | |||
| C8H18 | 2-Methylheptane(l) | –255 | 356.4 | 252 | |
| C8H18 | 3-Methylheptane(g) | –212.5 | |||
| C8H18 | 3-Methylheptane(l) | –252.3 | 362.6 | 250.2 | |
| C8H18 | Octane(l) | –250.1 | 254.6 | ||
| C8H18 | Octane(g) | –208.5 | 16 | 467 | 189 |
| C8H18O | 1-Octanol(l) | –426.5 | 305.2 | ||
| C8H18O | 1-Octanol(g) | –355.6 | |||
| C8H19 | 2,2-Dimethylhexane(g) | –224.5 | |||
| C8H19 | 2,2-Dimethylhexane(l) | –261.9 | |||
| C9H18 | Propylcyclohexane(g) | –192 | 420 | 242 | |
| C9H12 | Propylbenzene(g) | 8 | 137 | 401 | 154 |
| C9H16 | 1-Nonyne(l) | 16.3 | |||
| C9H16 | 1-Nonyne(g) | 62.3 | |||
| C9H18O2 | Nonanoic acid(l) | –659.7 | 362.4 | ||
| C9H18O2 | Nonanoic acid(g) | –577.3 | |||
| C9H20 | 2,2-Dimethylheptane(g) | –246 | |||
| C9H20 | 2,2-Dimethylheptane(l) | –288.1 | |||
| C9H20 | Nonane(l) | –274.7 | 284.4 | ||
| C9H20 | Nonane(g) | –228.2 | 25 | 506 | 212 |
| C9H20O | 1-Nonanol(l) | –453.4 | |||
| C9H20O | 1-Nonanol(g) | –376.5 | |||
| C10H8 | Naphthalene(g) | 151 | 224 | 336 | |
| C10H14 | Butylbenzene(l) | –63.2 | 321.2 | 243.4 | |
| C10H14 | Butylbenzene(g) | –11.8 | |||
| C10H20 | 1-Decene(l) | –173.8 | 425 | 300.8 | |
| C10H20 | 1-Decene(g) | –123.3 | 301 | ||
| C10H20 | Butylcyclohexane(l) | –263.1 | 345 | 271 | |
| C10H20 | Butylcyclohexane(g) | –213.7 | |||
| C10H20O2 | Decanoic acid(s) | –713.7 | |||
| C10H20O2 | Decanoic acid(l) | –684.3 | |||
| C10H20O2 | Decanoic acid(g) | –594.9 | |||
| C10H22 | 2-Methylnonane(g) | –260.2 | |||
| C10H22 | 2-Methylnonane(l) | –309.8 | 420.1 | 313.3 | |
| C10H22 | Decane(l) | –300.9 | 314.4 | ||
| C10H22 | Decane(g) | –249.5 | 33 | 545 | 235 |
| C10H22O | 1-Decanol(l) | –478.1 | 370.6 | ||
| C10H22O | 1-Decanol(g) | –396.6 | |||
| C11H10 | 1-Methylnaphthalene(l) | 56.3 | 254.8 | 224.4 | |
| C11H10 | 2-Methylnaphthalene(s) | 44.9 | 220 | 196 | |
| C11H10 | 2-Methylnaphthalene(g) | 106.7 | |||
| C11H22 | 1-Undecene(g) | 344.9 | |||
| C11H24 | Undecane(l) | –327.2 | 344.9 | ||
| C11H24 | Undecane(g) | –270.8 | 42 | 584 | 257 |
| C11H24O | 1-Undecanol(l) | –504.8 | |||
| C12H24 | 1-Dodecene(l) | –226.2 | 484.8 | 360.7 | |
| C12H24 | 1-Dodecene(g) | –165.4 | |||
| C12H24O2 | Dodecanoic acid(s) | –774.6 | 404.3 | ||
| C12H24O2 | Dodecanoic acid(l) | –737.9 | |||
| C12H24O2 | Dodecanoic acid(g) | 642 | |||
| C12H26 | Dodecane(l) | –350.9 | 375.8 | ||
| C12H26 | Dodecane(g) | –289.4 | 50 | 623 | 280 |
| C12H26O | 1-Dodecanol(l) | –528.5 | 438.1 | ||
| C12H26O | 1-Dodecanol(g) | –436.6 | |||
| C14H10 | Anthracene(g) | 231 | |||
| C14H10 | Phenantrene(g) | 207 | |||
| C15H30 | Decylcyclopentane(l) | –367.3 | |||
| C16H26 | Decylbenzene(l) | –218.3 | |||
| C16H26 | Decylbenzene(g) | –138.6 | |||
| C16H32 | 1-Hexadecene(l) | –328.7 | 587.9 | 488.9 | |
| C16H32 | 1-Hexadecene(g) | –248.4 | |||
| C16H32O2 | Hexadecanoic acid(s) | –891.5 | 452.4 | 460.7 | |
| C16H32O2 | Hexadecanoic acid(l) | –838.1 | |||
| C16H32O2 | Hexadecanoic acid(g) | –737.1 | |||
| C16H34 | N-hexadecane(l) | –456.1 | 501.6 | ||
| C16H34 | N-hexadecane(g) | –374.8 | |||
| C18H12 | Chrysene(s) | 145.3 | |||
| C18H12 | Chrysene(g) | 269.8 |